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Head-load carrying is a common phenomenon across sub-Saharan Africa. The Gambia shows an above average rate of female head-load carriers compared to other sub-Saharan African countries. Hitherto few studies have investigated the impact on women’s health due to head load carrying. The objective of this study was to determine whether head-load carrying characteristics, that includes besides others the carried weight; neck range of motion and proprioception could explain neck pain and functional limitation among female head-load carriers in rural Gambia. Cross-sectional study. Women aged 18–45 years with a minimum of one year of head-load carrying experience were examined. The relationship between explanatory variables such as upper cervical ROM and proprioception, and head-load carrying characteristics towards pain and functional limitation have been examined using regression models. Frequencies between functional limitation and regions of pain complaints have been determined. Neck pain complaints were most frequently reported. Functional limitation was stronger associated with lower back pain but not with neck pain. Limitations in upper cervical mobility was the strongest physical explanatory variable for pain and functional limitation. Women suffering from moderate to severe pain and functional limitation carried approximately three kg less weight.

Pain and functional limitation among rural female Gambian head-load carriers a cross-sectional study