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Belite cement was prepared using nano-silicas extracted from three different agricultural wastes – black rice husk ash (BRHA), bagasse ash (BA), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) – which were reacted at 1200 − 1400 °C with CaC 2  residue as calcium source. The product was compared with that from CaCO 3 . Nano-silica extracted from BRHA was of very fine particle size (surface area 312.4 m 2 /g and V/S ratio 0.35 × 10 6  cm) and being highly reactive, forms β-C 2 S at lower firing temperatures; however, at higher temperatures, less-desirable γ-polymorphs are formed. Nano-silica extracted from POFA contains Na 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , and K 2 O impurities, which stabilize the β and α-forms and delay the transformation to γ-phase. This is reflected in relatively high compressive strength at firing temperature above 1200 °C, compared to other mixtures. Thus, these results indicate that the best combination of these waste materials for the preparation of belite cement phases is POFA ash and CaC 2  residue.

Comparative study on the preparation of belite cement from nano-silicas extracted from different agricultural wastes with calcium carbide residue