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Although observed in animals from various taxa, object play is not well studied. While studying object play in managed care belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ), we noticed that, in some cases, the belugas self-handicap their play. For example, a beluga may push a ball onto a ledge, so that the object can only be reached by the beluga beaching itself. Self-handicapping has been described in locomotor and social play, but is rarely, if ever, reported in object play. The belugas of this study self-handicap themselves while playing with objects in 3.9% of cases. All nine of the immature belugas were observed to self-handicap, which accounted for 90.6% of the self-handicapping bouts observed. Even though rare, some degree of self-handicapping may be important in ensuring continued playfulness irrespective of the type of play involved. Broader comparative studies on the presence and role of self-handicapping across species and types of play are needed.

Self-handicapping in object play: how belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) make play difficult