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Freelance expatriates are an important element of the workforce in international projects that are relatively knowledge-intensive and highly specialized. Their expertise and knowledge, accumulated through experience gained by travelling from project to project, is a crucial asset for projects. Incorporating freelance expatriates into project teams allows firms to be flexible and competitive in the international market. However, despite a wide range of research on expatriation in fields such as human resource management and international business management, studies of freelance expatriates in the international construction industry have just begun. Little is known about the major challenges impeding their working relationship with their local colleagues. This paper addresses this question in four ways: (1) we identify eight challenges—expectation gaps, outsider effects, client–contractor tensions, cultural differences and subgroup formation, different values, different norms, different practices and langu...

Multinational teams incorporating freelance expatriates in the construction industry: case studies of high-speed railways in China and Taiwan