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Previous studies have indicated that stuttering is often accompanied by co-occurring disorders, including social anxiety disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although stuttering can have negative influences within the workplace, the association between these co-occurring disorders and individuals’ jobs is unclear. We investigated the association of stuttering and co-occurring disorders with job difficulties among adults who stutter (AWS). A questionnaire was administered to 110 Japanese AWS, gaining information on their individual and job demographics, self-rated stuttering severity, and screening scales assessing social anxiety disorder, ADHD, and ASD. We compared participants’ job demographics between the age-matched group of individuals who achieved the cut-off scores for co-occurring social anxiety disorder, ADHD, or ASD, and the group who did not reach the cut-off scores for any of these disorders. In total, 42.7%, 21.8%, and 12.7% of participants achieved the cut-off scores of social anxiety disorder, ADHD, and ASD, respectively. We found that self-rated job difficulties are positively correlated with screening scores of social anxiety disorder and self-rated stuttering severity. The group comparison revealed that those with suspicions of co-occurring disorders also rated their self-rated job difficulties as significantly more severe than did the stuttering-only group. Along with stuttering disfluency, social anxiety disorder and other co-occurring disorders have a negative association with the workplace experiences of AWS. In assessing the workplace conditions of AWS, we should comprehensively evaluate co-occurring disorders. Our results also highlight the importance of interventions aimed at preventing or alleviating the social anxiety of AWS.

The influence of stuttering and co-occurring disorders on job difficulties among adults who stutter