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Background:  Women are more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men. Recent research suggests an impact of oral contraceptive (OC) intake on PTSD and intrusive memories, a hallmark symptom of PTSD. Although a majority of women use OCs at some point in their lives, the effects on PTSD pathogenesis are only poorly understood. Objective:  In the current paper, we aimed to investigate the impact of OC intake on the acquisition and consolidation of intrusive memories in healthy women after watching a trauma film paradigm. Methods:  We performed a secondary analysis of a pooled dataset ( N  = 437) of two previously conducted and published studies investigating the effect of oxytocin on the development of intrusive memories. Results:  Women taking OCs showed an attenuated decline of intrusive memories over time after having watched the trauma film compared to naturally cycling women ( F (2.75, 1167) =  3 .79,  p  = .03, =   .01). Conclusion:  These findings indicate that the intake of OCs is associated with the development of intrusive memories after a trauma film paradigm. This indication emphasizes the need to further investigate the complex impact of OCs and gonadal hormones on fear learning processes and PTSD.

Effects of oral contraceptives on intrusive memories: a secondary analysis of two studies using the trauma film paradigm in healthy women