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Uncertainties of geotechnical parameters in landslide engineering mainly arise from their spatial variabilities, measuring error and inaccurate constitutive model. Interval limit equilibrium method (ILEM) is used to analyse the stability of landslides with uncertain geotechnical parameters. However, the method suffers from the issue of overestimation in the calculation of the safety factor (FS) interval while using the basic interval operations. To overcome the limitation, an improved ILEM based on particle swarm optimisation (ILEM-PSO) is proposed in the article. In the method, the uncertain parameters and their intervals are taken as the search variables and search space of PSO, and the FS functions are used as the fitness functions. A predefined number of iterations are executed to search the minimal and maximal FS, which are the lower and upper bound of the FS interval. The proposed method is validated with a testing function and ACADS benchmark question EX11, and then applied to the stability analysis of Dahua landslide. Comparisons with ILEM and Monte Carlo simulation are also given in the article. Results show that the proposed method is effective in solving the issue of overestimation in ILEM and obtains accurate FS intervals of landslides.

An improved interval limit equilibrium method based on particle swarm optimisation: taking Dahua landslide as a case