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There is evidence of the existence of an intraovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system. There are also reports about the influence of extrinsic ovarian innervation in gonadal function. Therefore, it is interesting to study the relationship between ovarian sympathetic innervation and GnRH to shed light on possible physiological and pathophysiological implications. This work aimed to investigate whether noradrenergic stimulation of the superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG) can modify the levels of ovarian GnRH and cause functional and morphological changes in the gonad through the ovarian plexus nerve (OPN), during estrus and diestrus II in rats. The SMG-OPN-Ovary system and an ovary without extrinsic innervation were removed from Holtzman rats in estrus and diestrus II stages and placed in specially designed cuvettes containing Krebs-Ringer buffer. In the experimental groups, SMGs and denervated ovaries were stimulated with 10 −6  M noradrenaline (NA). GnRH and progesterone levels (in the ovarian incubation medium) and the mRNA expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( Hsd3b3 ), 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( Akr1c18 ),  Bax , and  Bcl2  were analyzed. Histological studies of the ovaries were performed. In estrus, NA decreased GnRH levels in both experimental schemes. Furthermore, progesterone levels increased while the  Akr1c18  expression and  Bax/Bcl2  ratio decreased, without causing changes in ovarian morphology. In diestrus, the noradrenergic stimulation of the ganglion increased GnRH levels, decreased progesterone levels, and increased  Akr1c18  expression and  Bax/Bcl2  ratio. Follicles with histoarchitecture alterations and corpus luteum with signs of cell death were observed. In denervated ovaries, NA increased the levels of GnRH and progesterone. Furthermore, NA decreased the  Bax/Bcl2  ratio and histological studies revealed signs compatible with a possible atretogenic effect. In conclusion, noradrenergic stimulation of the SMG-OPN pathway regulates ovarian cyclicity. The SMG modulates the cross-talk between NA and ovarian GnRH, protecting the ovary from atretogenic effects and luteal apoptosis during estrus while inducing luteal regression in the diestrus II.

Superior mesenteric ganglion via ovarian plexus nerve involved in the cross-talk between noradrenaline and GnRH in rat ovaries