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The manuscript deals with the utilization of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), external (in air) Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for comprehensive characterization of Indian coal in order to evaluate their quality in terms of ash contents. NAA was used involving short irradiation at Pneumatic Carrier Facility (PCF) at Dhruva reactor, India, for determination of Na, Mg, Al and K; whereas long irradiation at Apsara-U reactor was used for estimation of Fe and Ca. External PIGE was applied for quantification of low Z elements (Na, Mg, Al and Si). Method was validated using coal-based standard reference materials: NIST 1635a and 1633c. Comparative evaluation was also carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. Total concentration of Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe oxides has been used as markers for identifying the quality of coal in terms of coal ash contents. Elements such as Sc, Cr, Co, Zn, Se, Cs, Ce, Sm, Hf, U and Th were determined at trace level using conventional NAA techniques after long irradiation at Apsara-U reactor. The coal with higher ash content was found to contain high concentration of trace elements and the better quality coal contains lower concentration of trace elements.

Implication of nuclear analytical techniques for the assessment of coal quality in terms of ash content