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The desulfurization and de-ashing of Darra Adam Khel Coal (Pakistan) was studied by oxidation using Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and formic acid (HCOOH) oxidation system. The maximum de-ashing and desulfurization of about 63 and 48% was achieved through oxidation at 70°C in 90 min with H 2 O 2  and HCOOH volume of 2 mL each. Catalytic oxidation was studied in the presence of Tin (Sn) as catalyst loaded under different forms, including as aqueous Tin chloride (SnCl 2 ) solution, SnCl 2  pre-impregnated on coal sample and Sn impregnated on activated carbon (AC). The catalyst shown high efficiency loaded in the form of impregnated on AC i.e. Sn/AC in the concentration of 0.086%. The maximum desulfurization of 68.1% and de-ashing of 44.63% was attained in the presence of 0.1% of Sn catalyst in the Aq. form, whereas in case of Sn pre-impregnated on coal, the maximum sulfur and ash removal of 69.1 and 44.6% was attained at 0.1% catalyst loading, respectively. Similarly, the catalyst used as Sn/AC, highest desulfurization and deashing of 82 and 72% is achieved at concentration of 0.086% Sn loaded on AC. Oxidation in the presence of Tin (Sn) catalyst shown a clear advantage of increasing the sulfur and ash removal from 48 and 63% to maximum of 82 and 72% respectively under optimized conditions. Post catalytic oxidation characterization of coal shown that the process had no negative effects on the coal properties, rather the overall coal quality was improved. This study provides a new approach for the desulfurization and de-ashing of Dara Adam Khel coal at mild operating conditions with minimum mechanical and reagents requirements and hence can be extended to any types of coal found in other parts of the world. Abbreviations: AC: Activated carbon; ROM: Run of mine; ODS: Oxidative desulfurization; Sn/AC: Tin/Activated carbon; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared radiation; ASTM: American system for testing and materials; GCV: Gross Calorific Value

Desulfurization and de-ashing of low-rank coal by catalytic oxidation using Sn as catalyst loaded in different forms