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This work was undertaken to study the immunomodulatory effects of long-term exposure to varying levels of lead (Pb) in workers. A total of 49 people who underwent occupational health examinations from 2009 to 2018 were selected as study subjects. Differences between the two group populations regarding the levels of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and granulocytes, as well as the levels of T H 1/T H 2/T H 17 cytokines, were evaluated. The results indicated that the percentages of CD3 +  cells in the high-Pb group were significantly higher than those in the low-Pb counterparts ( p  &lt; .05). In contrast, the percentages of CD3 − CD16 + CD56 +  cells were significantly lower in the high-Pb workers. There were no significant differences in other immunommy cells and T H 1/T H 2/T H 17 cytokine between the groups. CD3 +  cell levels in workers positively correlated with blood Pb levels ( Rs  = 0.378,  p  = .007), while the expression of CD3 − CD16 + CD56 +  cells was negatively correlated ( Rs  = −0.320,  p  = .025). There was no significant correlation between blood Pb concentration and the other immune endpoints evaluated here.

Effects of long-term high-level lead exposure on the immune function of workers