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Many chemical substances in plants have the potential to be toxins, which may induce harm by altering physiological mechanisms.  Allium cepa  L. assay is a sensitive test used for the determination of anti-mitotic and genotoxic effects in plant extracts. Genotoxic effects of aqueous, acetone, and methanolic fruit extracts of the cucurbit species were studied using the  A. cepa  bioassay, of which  Cucumis melo  var.  agrestis  L. and  Momordica balsamina  L. are wild and  C. melo . L.,  C. melo . var.  momordica  L.,  M. charantia  L., and  M. dioica  L. are cultivated. Onion bulbs were exposed to fruit extracts for 48 h and onion roots were examined with a microscope to determine their effect on cells. The extracts were slightly mito-depressants with a minimum mitotic index (46.20 ± 0.23%) in methanolic fruit extract of  C. melo  var.  momordica , compared to the aqueous solution, a negative control (64.20 ± 0.12%), and 1 mg∙L −1 sodium azide (NaN 3 ) solution (22.53 ± 0.41%). The highest percentage of clastogenic aberrations was in the methanolic extract of  C. melo  var.  momordica  (11.8%) and least in the aqueous extract of  C. melo  var.  momordica  (2%). Also, mitotic abnormalities, chromosome stickiness, chromatin transfer, chromatin bridges, disorientation of chromosomes, laggards, and polar deviation occurred in root cells of  A. cepa . Genotoxicity has been reported in different fruit extracts of cucurbits, which needs to be further investigated in animal models to nullify possible detrimental effects in humans.

Genotoxic effect of fruit extract of wild and cultivated cucurbits using Allium cepa assay