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. Biofuels, which are widely used as alternative fuels to reduce fossil fuel consumption and replace them with fossil fuel-like energy sources, are increasingly being supplemented with nanoparticles (NP) to overcome their limitations, including lower energy content and higher emissions. The study aimed to examine the impact of Fe-Ni-TiO 2 /activated carbon (AC) nanoparticles, produced by the authors, on engine performance and emissions when added to diesel/biodiesel fuel blends. The produced Fe-Ni-TiO 2 /AC NP was employed as an additive in palm oil (PO)/diesel fuel blends at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. The results revealed that compared to standard diesel, employing Fe-Ni-TiO 2 /AC NPs lowered emissions including smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) in all fuel blends while increasing nitrogen oxide (NO x ). In the DNP30-100 fuel blend at 2500 W engine load, there was an increase in NO x  by 8% and a decrease in CO, HC, and smoke emissions by 70.3%, 86.3%, and 57.5%, respectively, compared to standard diesel. Furthermore, a decrease of 11.38% was observed in brake-specific fuel consumption, while brake thermal efficiency increased by 16.59% compared to diesel. The overall results suggest that using Fe-Ni-TiO 2 /AC as an additive in a diesel–biodiesel fuel blend can improve engine performance and decrease emissions.

The impacts of nano fuels containing Fe-Ni-TiO 2 /activated carbon nanoparticles on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics