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Local knowledge on climatic conditions which hitherto was used to predict the likelihood of weather outcomes is under threat of extinction due to lack of documentation coupled with a gradual decline in its knowledge transfer. Using participatory and ethnographic research approaches including focus groups discussion, key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and purposively selecting small-scale farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana, this study has identified key local climatic knowledge that would contribute to achieving sustainable agro-ecological practices. The study found that plant phenology like the sprouting of  Faidherbia albida  and the presence of  Ficus carica  are relevant for sustainable agro-ecological practices. Also, the frequency or otherwise of rains and the colour (perceived) and appearance of the water of the first rain at the onset of the rainy season presupposes the likelihood of the rainfall pattern in that year. Some animal and bird behaviour such as the movement of migratory birds, which was used to predict the likelihood of weather patterns or seasons, has been adversely affected by the changing climatic conditions. This knowledge is very relevant for agro-ecological practices since it enables farmers to plan ahead of seasons, which contributes to improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale farmers.

Relevant local climatic knowledge for sustainable agro-ecological practices by small-scale farmers in northern Ghana