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Studies have found a close correlation between the dispersal of alien species and anthropogenic disturbance. However, in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems, the importance of human induced vs. naturally occurring habitat heterogeneity in influencing the distribution of native vs. exotic species remains poorly understood. Our aim was to identify plant communities where native and introduced  Spergularia  species occur, the associated soil conditions, the effect of anthropogenic activities, and how these factors determine their distribution in Odiel Marshes Natural Park. The occurrence of seven  Spergularia  species was studied in 92 vegetation patches. These patches were analysed for plant species composition, edaphic variables (humidity, pH, salinity, organic matter content and particles &gt;0.2 mm), degree of inundation, degree of alteration and level of protection. The distribution of 5 native species was related mainly to edaphic factors, while the distribution of 2 species was related to the degree of anthropic impact. Spergularia  species show three patterns of distribution:  S. heldreichii, S. fimbriata  and  S. media  do not occupy altered zones.  S. salina  and  S. nicaeensis  naturally inhabit undisturbed habitats, but human alterations have increased their distribution. The presence of  S. bocconi  and  S. purpurea  is due to human transformation of this area.

Factors that determine the occurrence of native and introduced Spergularia species in Mediterranean coastal ecosystems