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In recent years, our world has experienced significant disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, impacting human activities and the global environment. This paper explored air quality changes in Ukraine due to COVID-19, and Russia's invasion of Ukraine using on-demand with a what-you-see-is-what-you-get approach. During the COVID-19 pandemic, strict quarantine policies in Ukraine led to a 2% reduction in tropospheric NO 2  concentration before the lockdown and 4% during the lockdown period. Cities like Kyiv, Donetsk, and Dnipro exhibited reductions of 5%, 11%, and 16%, respectively. Total SO 2  column concentration decreased by 6% before the lockdown and 2.5% during the lockdown period, except in high population density areas. Kyiv showed the highest reduction of 17% in SO 2  concentration, while Donetsk and Dnipro exhibited an 11% reduction. However, during the Russian invasion, there was a significant increase in tropospheric NO 2  concentration in heavily destroyed Kharkiv while most eastern regions experienced a reduction. The total SO 2  column was 48% higher before the war but reduced throughout the country after the war, except for in Kyiv and a few central regions. These findings can contribute to analyzing air pollution and building digital twin simulations for future reconstruction scenarios.

The spatial dynamics of Ukraine air quality impacted by the war and pandemic