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From a critical ecological linguistic perspective, this paper argues that South Korean English-language-policies are constraining students’ agency. Since the millennium, as a legacy of neoliberalism universities of non-English-first-language contexts have implemented EMI (English-Medium Instruction) courses top-down to further internationalise. Faced with a declining birth rate, South Korea has been no exception to this trend; nevertheless, this ‘dominant policy path’ has disregarded the linguistic challenges of students. These challenges are exacerbated by recent changes made to the English section of the University entrance examination which constrain students’ linguistic capital. Gidden’s  Structuration Theory  and Bourdieu’s notion of  habitus  are used to problematise South Korean university students’ agency within their structured-English-learning ecologies. In analysis, I use a constructivist approach enabling a theory of  Situated Linguistic Capital  to emerge. This theory conceptualises a dynamic between  trust  and  linguistic capital  which has been  shaped  by the past and which  affects  future affordances. Accounts of English educational experiences, collected from ten South Korean university students, are used to exemplify the theory. I conclude by arguing that conducting a needs analysis with students and EMI content instructors, to understand existing power relations, will encourage moves towards bottom-up, socially just directions in future South Korean English-language-policies. (198)

Problematising students’ agency in the internationalisation of higher education