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This article examines the impact of international recognition on intrastate conflict contexts and areas of limited statehood. We conceptualise international recognition-through-interaction in social-relational, process-oriented, non-dualistic and performative (practice) terms. We theorise plural effects beyond the government vs. rebels and conflict causation vs. transformation binaries. Based on two case studies on post-2011 Libya’s security/armed and migration governance actors, including original interviews, we show that the most distinctive power of international recognition-through-interaction lies in drawing (sovereignty) lines. Material empowerment effects are prominent, though only contextually subject to formal international recognition. Identity transformation remains partial and political legitimacy is influenced in complex ways.

International Recognition Meets Areas of Limited Statehood: Practices and Effects on Hybrid Actors in Post-2011 Libya