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The recovery ratio of longwall top coal caving (LTCC) technology is an important measure of its effectiveness. However, the recovery ratio of single-opening sequential caving technology in thick and extra-thick coal seams needs improvement. To address this, an independent cluster-group caving technology is proposed in this study. Four numerical simulation experiments were conducted to compare the recovery ratio and drawing balance of four-opening independent cluster-group caving technology and single-opening sequential caving technology. Results show that the recovery ratio in four-opening independent cluster-group caving technology is approximately 6% higher than in single-opening sequential caving technology when the thickness of the broken gangue layer and the coal seam are the same. Additionally, a judgment formula for the broken immediate roof thickness is provided when the top coal recovery ratio is seriously affected. The independent cluster-group caving technology demonstrates stronger stability and better adaptability under different conditions, as its caving sequence can prevent larger thickness changes and gangue disturbances during the drawing process. Overall, this study highlights the potential of independent cluster-group caving technology to improve the recovery ratio of LTCC technology in thick and extra-thick coal seams.

Improving the top coal recovery ratio in longwall top coal caving mining using drawing balance analysis