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In this work, bright field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy tests were carried out to find the effect of acetylation on the microscopic structure of hornbeam wood, furthermore to analyze the differences between decayed samples at microscopic level. Several methods of sample preparation (water, acetone) and staining (safranin, astra blue, 1% solution of potassium permanganate) were also tested and compared. Native hornbeam wood was successfully acetylated, which was confirmed by the limited staining effect of safranin. Acetylation did not damage the wood microstructure and significantly increased the cell-wall thickness by 7.0%. The pits of acetylated hornbeam were much narrower, probably due to permanent cell-wall swelling. New brown deposits were found in parenchyma cells of acetylated hornbeam. Each cell contained a small amount of an insoluble substance, which led to the hypothesis that the natural content of living cells became insoluble during acetylation. Further investigation is needed to determine what substance was created during acetylation. In the case of samples which were tested for fungi resistance against  Coniophora puteana, Rhodonia (Poria) placenta,  and  Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor , microscopic studies showed that fungi were able to colonize acetylated cell lumina without visible degradation or mass loss (∼1%).

Microscopic characterization of sound and decayed acetylated hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus L.)