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Both radiofrequency ablation (RFA), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and biliary stent alone are common local palliative therapies for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction (MBO), but the best modality is uncertain. Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to 30 January 2022, for eligible studies that compared either two or all modalities in unresectable MBO. Thirty-three studies with 2974 patients were included in this study. The PDT+Stent and RFA+Stent groups had better overall survival and longer mean survival time than Stent alone (all  P  &lt; 0.05). Moreover, patients with RFA+Stent demonstrated better mean duration of stent patency (MD: 2.0, 95%CI,1.1 to 2.8,  P  &lt; 0.05) than Stent alone. The three modalities had similar postoperative mild bleeding, cholangitis, and pancreatitis (all  P  ≥ 0.05). According to network ranking, PDT+Stent was most likely to provide better survival, RFA+Stent was most likely to maintain stent patency. RFA or PDT plus biliary stent is effective and safe local palliative therapy for unresectable MBO, but the current studies cannot absolutely determine which modality is the best. We should offer patients the most appropriate treatment according to the advantage of each therapy and the patient’s performance status.

Comparative efficacy and safety of local palliative therapeutics for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction: a Bayesian network meta-analysis