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Combining Constraint‐led (ecological) and Step‐Game (constructivist) approaches through an Action‐Research (AR) design conducted throughout a competitive volleyball season, this study aimed to: (i) analyse the impact of increased tactical complexity on lateral and longitudinal collective Synchronisation Tendencies (ST) during defensive and offensive counterattack‐subphases, and (ii) examine how opposition attacking contexts (i.e. playing in  full ‐system or  in ‐system) might influence ST throughout each counterattack‐subphase. Performance of a youth team, comprised of 15 players, was studied across three AR‐cycles. The team's competitive performance was analysed through three competitive matches (one per cycle). Team ST were evaluated using the cluster‐phase method and a 3 (matches) × 2 (counterattack‐subphases) × 2 (opposition attacking contexts) × 2 (court directions) repeated‐measures ANOVA were used to calculate the differences in cluster‐amplitude mean values. Results showed that increments in tactical complexity (second AR‐cycle) were followed by decreases in collective ST, which were (re)achieved during the third AR‐cycle, possibly due to the ecological‐constructivist coaching intervention. Our findings imply that coaches could design representative and specific‐didactical learning environments, predicated on a team's tactical needs and strategical ideas from a game‐plan, framing player intentionality. Results also support the use of questioning strategies to narrow players’ attentional focus, stimulating perceptual attunement to relevant constraints emerging in performance. Finally, the insider AR‐design provided valuable contextualised insights on coaching interventions for developing collective coordinative structures.

european journal of sport science

How can team synchronisation tendencies be developed combining Constraint‐led and Step‐game approaches? An action‐research study implemented over a competitive volleyball season