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Many children growing up in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at a particular risk for poor developmental outcomes and can face many adverse circumstances growing up. Generally, the psychosocial risk factors affecting the development of these vulnerable children are well-described but research on protective factors that can buffer these risks and boost their psychological resilience seems to be lacking in LMICs. This scoping review examined resilience and protective factors that bolster resilience in LMICs in children under the age of 11 years and the extent to which these factors have been investigated in LMICs at all, and whether specific protective factors emerge. Studies were identified by searching the EBSCOHOST (Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, and APA PsycARTICLES), Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and were included if they mentioned resilience in children (&lt;11 years) from LMICs. A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, with only four studies using a longitudinal design. Social support, emotion regulation, and caregiver mental health are important protective factors specific to children in LMICs. Common protective factors found in Western research have not yet been investigated for their role in boosting resilience in children in LMICs – for example, peer support, having a future outlook, and religion. Adversities were often only assumed, with the vast majority of studies not including a direct measurement of adversity. Only 16 studies employed direct measurement of resilience. There is still a paucity in data for protective factors that boost resilience in children under 11 years from LMICs, and especially when it comes to longitudinal studies. Longitudinal observations over time are needed to uncover pathways that influence resilience in young children from LMICs, with clear definitions of adversity.

Investigating protective factors that boost resilience in children from low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review