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This paper advances a synthesized theory that ethnic party institutional preference for clientelistic exchanges is a causal determinant in weaker programmatic connections. I use an elite focused mixed-method approach with a quantitative survey of over 506 separate political parties along with an inductive case study of SWAPO in Namibia. The data show that ethnic party endogeneity to clientelism is a causal factor in the general underdevelopment of ethnic programmatic linkages.

Why Are Ethnic Parties Less Programmatic? Mixed-Method Evidence of Ethnic Endogeneity to Clientelistic Linkages