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The effect of within-year wave climate variability on the predicted extreme significant wave heights for the design of ship structures is examined. The significant wave height data is taken from ERA 5 database along frequent shipping routes. Monthly and annual extreme significant wave heights are extracted, and Gumbel distributions are fitted, respectively, using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. Monthly extreme wave heights are then combined, using the method proposed by Carter and Challenor [(1981). Estimating return values of environmental parameters. Q J R Metereol Soc. 107(451):259–266], to account for the effect of intra-annual climate variability. Long-term extreme values by two methods are compared for individual locations and shipping routes. Consequences on the extreme wave bending moments are explored, comparing the results to IACS rules. It was found that neglecting within-year wave climate variability leads to the underestimation of extreme significant wave heights and wave bending moments by up to 10 %. .

Bias in estimates of extreme significant wave heights for the design of ship structures caused by neglecting within-year wave climate variability