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Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) have a large surface area/volume ratio and are known to generate oxidative stress and inflammation that may result in genotoxicity and cancer. Here, we evaluated the primary and inflammatory response-driven (i.e. secondary) genotoxicity of two CBNPs, Flammruss101 (FL101) and PrintexXE2B (XE2B) that differ in size and specific surface area (SSA), and cause different amounts of reactive oxygen species. Three doses (low, medium and high) of FL101 and XE2B were assessed  in vitro  in the lung epithelial (A549) and activated THP-1 (THP-1a) monocytic cells exposed in submerged conditions for 6 and 24 h, and in C57BL/6 mice at day 1, 28 and 90 following intratracheal instillation.  In vitro , we assessed pro-inflammatory response as IL-8 and IL-1β gene expression, and  in vivo , inflammation was determined as inflammatory cell infiltrates in bronchial lavage (BAL) fluid and as histological changes in lung tissue. DNA damage was quantified  in vitro  and  in vivo  as DNA strand breaks levels by the alkaline comet assay. Inflammatory responses  in vitro  and  in vivo  correlated with dosed CBNPs SSA. Both materials induced DNA damage in THP-1a (correlated with dosed mass), and only XE2B in A549 cells. Non-statistically significant increase in DNA damage  in vivo  was observed in BAL cells. In conclusion, this study shows dosed SSA predicted inflammation  both in vivo  and  in vitro , whereas dosed mass predicted genotoxicity  in vitro  in THP-1a cells. The observed lack of correlation between CBNP surface area and genotoxicity provides little evidence of inflammation-driven genotoxicity  in vivo  and  in vitro .

Assessment of primary and inflammation-driven genotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo