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Fiber optic probe-based  in vivo  spectroscopy techniques are fast and highly objective methods for intraoperative diagnoses and minimally invasive surgical interventions for all procedures where endoscopic observations are carried out for cancers of different types. The Raman spectral features provide molecular fingerprint-type information and can reveal the subjects’ pathological state in label-free manner, making endoscopy multiplexed fiber optic probe-based devices with the potential for translation from bench to bedside for routine applications. This review provides a general overview of different fiber-optic probes for  in vivo  measurements with emphasis on Raman spectroscopy for biomedical application. Various aspects such as fiber-optic probe, radiation source, detector, and spectrometer for extracting optimum spectral features have also been discussed. Optical spectroscopy-based fiber probe systems with ‘Chip-on-Tip’ technology, combined with machine learning, can in the near future, become a complementary diagnostic tool to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan, ultrasound, etc. Hyperspectral imaging and fluorescence-based devices are in the advanced stage of technology readiness level (TRL), and with advances in lasers and miniature spectroscopy systems, probe-based Raman devices are also coming up.

In vivo spectroscopy: optical fiber probes for clinical applications