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The effects of La 2 O 3  on the behaviours of ZnO nanoparticle–Bi 2 O 3 –Mn 2 O 3  varistors were determined. The discs with various La 2 O 3  compositions (0.0–3.0 mol%) were prepared via traditional ceramic techniques and their characteristics were investigated. The results demonstrate that La 2 O 3  remarkably affects the varistor samples, in which the size of grain diminished from 29.3 to 8.5 µm according to increasing La 2 O 3  content from 0.0 to 3.0 mol%. The significant response within the varistor sample fabricated from ZnO nanoparticles through sintering process at 1200 o C perhaps caused by the surface properties of the powdered ZnO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction results show that the addition of La 2 O 3  to the varistor resulted in additional peaks, which can be attributed to the construction of La-based phases through the sintering process at high temperature. The spinal phases of the (Bi 48 ZnO 73 ) and (Mn 3 O 4 ) diminish with the 3.0 mol% content of La 2 O 3 . The varistor samples with 2.0 mol% La 2 O 3  show a superior spinal phase construction of (Bi 48 ZnO 73 ) and (Mn 3 O 4 ) and La-based phases, resulting in homogeneous grain size. La 2 O 3  doping substantially enhanced the electrical behaviours of the disc sample with a notable increase in breakdown voltage from 2614.8 to 5730.7 V/mm caused by the increase in La 2 O 3  doping concentration from 0.0% to 3.0 mol%. The improvement was associated with the potential lanthanide ion segregation caused by its greater ionic radius to the boundaries between ZnO grains, thus enhancing its electrical properties. Moderate La 2 O 3  doping concentration at 1.0 mol% improved the non-linear characteristics of the sample ( α  = 66) and 4400 V/mm breakdown voltage was introduced, while a significant amount of La 2 O 3  doping concentration (more than 1.0 mol%) caused its deterioration ( α  = 35). The increase in donor concentration  N dto 2.1 × 10 20  cm −3  for the varistor doped with 1.0 mol% La 2 O 3  is accompanied by a decrease of interfacial states density  N ISto 2.2 × 10 12  cm −2  eV −1 , in addition to decrease in depletion layer  ω  to 3.9 nm. The leakage currents of the sample decreased from 0.473 to 0.310 mA/cm 2  with the increase of La 2 O 3  doping contents from 0.0% to 2.0 mol% and then increased to 0.596 mA/cm 2  at 3.0 mol% La 2 O 3  doping concentration. Therefore, La 2 O 3  may be added to dominate the microstructural characteristics and electrical behaviours of ZnO–Bi 2 O 3 –Mn 2 O 3  varistor manufactured using powdered ZnO nanoparticles.

Sensitivity of electrical behaviours of ZnO nanoparticle–Bi 2 O 3 –Mn 2 O 3 varistor system to various La 2 O 3 doping compositions