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Chlorine concentrations in water distribution systems are generally predicted by combined models of reactions in bulk water and at pipe walls. The structure of the widely used EPANET wall-reaction models is questioned, as they do not reproduce the variation in wall-reaction rate with decreasing chlorine observed in real pipelines. The microbially mediated wall-reaction model (EXPBIO) is structurally valid. EXPBIO was extended to calculate the mass-transfer coefficient in individual pipes, rather than using a single fitted value. Smooth- and rough-pipe versions were formally validated against observed chlorine data from the Mirrabooka pipeline, where rough-pipe predictions better matched lower observed chlorine concentrations. In a medium-sized rough pipe, the mass-transfer coefficient doubled between 10 and 30°C. In the real pipeline, chlorine concentration decreased much faster with distance downstream at higher temperature, due to increasing microbial activity and mass-transfer of chlorine. System simulations to search for improved seasonal chlorine dosing strategies need to include these effects.

Validity of chlorine-wall reaction models for drinking water distribution systems