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The water quality of the Kaalspruit River, situated in the Gauteng province, South Africa, has been in question over previous years with concerns about the health risks potentially posed by the level of pollution to the surrounding communities. The study aimed to conduct a physico-chemical assessment of water and sediment in the river. In-situ water quality parameters were measured in the field using a multi-parameter water quality meter, while other parameters, such as organic and inorganic constituents were analysed at SANAS accredited laboratories. Water quality results revealed generally poor conditions with minimal seasonal variations, showing low dissolved oxygen and some metal concentrations present in toxic levels. Furthermore, the levels of faecal coliforms and  E. coli  were beyond the detectable levels in sampling areas of close proximity to informal settlements. Overall, this study revealed that the river system is of poor quality as a result of anthropogenic activities surrounding the Kaalspruit.

The impact of informal settlements on the surface water quality: a baseline analysis of the Kaalspruit in Tembisa township, South Africa