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Literature review identified seven principal pathways of plastic debris entry into river systems: waste water treatment plants; combined sewer overflows; on-site wastewater treatment systems; road and rail transport systems; agriculture; industrial sources; and diffuse litter. A further category of ‘microplastics’ reflects their multiple potential sources, including microplastic breakdown within rivers. Regulatory and management bodies necessarily make operational decisions based on resource limitations and significant uncertainty due to sparse or missing data, requiring a substantial degree of inference. To support this need, we develop a rapid, desk-based approach based on risk criteria to ‘fingerprint’ likely pathways of plastic pollution based on catchment characteristics. Characteristics of the River Wye system in the UK are reviewed identifying a risk-based ‘fingerprint’ of potential pathways of plastic entry or accumulation of plastic debris, represented graphically as a colour-coded ‘traffic lights’ classification. This ‘fingerprinting’ approach is based on desk-based inference from published materials as a rapid and resource-efficient alternative to intensive data collection, supporting prioritization of further investigation or response measures. We recommend replication of this ‘fingerprinting’ approach in other river catchments to support operational management of plastic pollution. Where feasible, it may also be down-scaled where sub-catchment or major river reach properties differ significantly. HIGHLIGHTSUnique catchment characteristics influence likely sources of plastics in riversSeven potential plastic sources were identified, with a residual microplastics categoryLiterature, interviews and surveys can rapidly ‘fingerprint’ likely plastic sourcesFingerprinting can prioritize management and investigations in specific catchments Unique catchment characteristics influence likely sources of plastics in rivers Seven potential plastic sources were identified, with a residual microplastics category Literature, interviews and surveys can rapidly ‘fingerprint’ likely plastic sources Fingerprinting can prioritize management and investigations in specific catchments

Rapid ‘fingerprinting’ of potential sources of plastics in river systems: an example from the River Wye, UK