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Based on Stewardship Theory, it is posited that commercial organizations, governments, and citizens would all benefit the co-creation in Smart City Projects. To obtain valuable insights, a qualitative research study was conducted on Dutch smart city projects. Fifteen cities responded to the invitation to participate. By mutual agreement, twelve projects were selected since they met the requirements for the research. Fourteen smart city professionals completed a questionnaire and were interviewed. The acquired data were analysed by the template analysis method. The results of this study contribute to the theory of the strategic orientation of organizations and the theory of co-creation. We found that the goal orientation and motivation of individuals were critical, and therefore these aspects were included in this research. As such, we would encourage managerial practices to analyse the impact of the strategic orientation of all actors. Once the challenges in multiparty co-creation are overcome, the effectiveness of creating solutions for societal challenges will improve. This will foster and improve the liveability of cities for residents and speed progress on various societal aspects.

The influence of strategic orientation on co-creation in smart city projects: enjoy the benefits of collaboration