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Circadian rhythms are associated with bipolar disorder (BD). This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating  ARNTL  and  MAOA  gene expression differences (1) between individuals with BD and controls, (2) between affective episodes, and (3) the relationship between  ARNTL  and  MAOA  expression. ARNTL  and  MAOA  gene expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells were analysed from fasting blood samples (BD  n  =  81, controls  n  = 54) with quantitative real-time PCR operating on TaqMan® assays (normalised to 18S RNA expression). ANCOVAs corrected for age, sex, body mass index, and medication was used to evaluate expression differences and correlation analyses for the relation between  ARNTL  and  MAOA  expression. ARNTL  gene expression differed between affective episodes ( F (2,78) = 3.198,  p  = 0.047, Partial Eta 2 = 0.083), but not between BD and controls ( n.s. ).  ARNTL  and  MAOA  expression correlated positively in BD ( r  = 0.704,  p  &lt; 0.001) and in controls ( r  = 0.932,  p  &lt; 0.001).  MAOA  expression differed neither between BD and controls nor between affective episodes ( n.s. ). Clock gene expression changes were observed in different affective states of BD. More precisely,  ARNTL  gene expression was significantly higher in euthymia than in depression.  ARNTL  and  MAOA  gene expression correlated significantly in BD and in controls, which emphasises the strong concatenation between circadian rhythms and neurotransmitter breakdown.

Gene expression analysis of MAOA and the clock gene ARNTL in individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls