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The identification of Ultra-High Risk (UHR) individuals is thought to be useful for early intervention to improve psychosis outcomes. However, transition rates vary widely, and there is an effort to make these criteria more specific and accurate. Neuroinflammation has been discussed in the pathophysiology of psychosis. The metabolism of eicosanoids is a key process in inflammatory states. Therefore, we investigated whether the study of the inflammatory COX-2 pathway through the quantification of the eicosanoid levels can be a useful approach for the characterisation of UHR individuals. One hundred and twenty-two individuals were included in this study (67 UHR and 55 controls) based on performance on the Prodromal Questionnaire. UHR status was assessed by Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). We determined the levels of Prostaglandin F 2α  (PGF 2α ), Prostaglandin E 2  (PGE 2 ), and Thromboxane B 2  (TxB 2 ) in plasma using ELISA assays. Concentrations of PGE 2  and TxB 2  were increased in UHR compared to controls ( p  = 0.01 and  p  &lt; 0.05, respectively). PGE 2  and PGF 2α  levels were correlated to negative symptoms ( p  &lt; 0.01 and  p  &lt; 0.05), whereas TxB 2  correlated with positive symptoms ( p  = 0.05) as assessed by the SIPS. Our findings suggest that overactivation of the COX-2 pathway may be related to an increased risk for psychosis. However, our data do not allow us to draw conclusions related to the cause-effect mechanisms. Future studies should determine whether the levels of the eicosanoids have a predictive value for the transition of UHR to frank psychosis.

COX-2 pathway is upregulated in ultra-high risk individuals for psychosis