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This study examined cognition-immune interactions, specifically executive function, working memory, peripheral levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors-1 and −2 (sTNFR1 and 2) levels in bipolar disorder (BD) patients in comparison with controls. Thirty-one BD participants and twenty-seven controls participated in the study. The neurocognitive assessment was performed through three of CogState Research Battery TM  tasks for executive function and working memory. Plasma levels of TNF-α, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 were measured after overnight fasting. Sociodemographic data and symptom severity of depression and mania were assessed. BD presented a significantly worse performance in the working memory task ( p  = .005) and higher levels of TNF-α ( p  = .043) in comparison to controls. A trend level of significance was found for sTNFR1 between groups ( p  = .082). Among BD participants, there were significant correlations between sTNFR2 and neurocognitive tasks (Groton Maze Learning Task: ρ = .54,  p  = .002; Set-Shifting Task: ρ = .37,  p  = .042; and the Two-Back Task: ρ = –.49,  p  = .005), and between sTNFR1 and mania, depression and anxiety symptoms (respectively ρ = .37,  p  = .038; ρ = –.38,  p  = .037; and ρ = .42,  p  = .002). TNF-α and its receptors might be an important variable in cognitive impairment in BD. Future studies might focus on the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic targets for cognitive dysfunction in BD.

the world journal of biological psychiatry

Cognition-immune interactions between executive function and working memory, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in bipolar disorder