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Nonhost plants effectively block a vast number of nonadapted fungal pathogens at the preinvasive stage. On the host plants, adapted fungal pathogens such as  Colletotrichum  species invade into plant epidermal cell by penetration peg developed from melanized appressorium, followed by invasive hyphal extension. I reported nonadapted  Colletotrichum  fungi that showed an increased rate of melanized appressorium-mediated entry (MAE) into the  pen2  mutant of nonhost  Arabidopsis thaliana  (hereafter  Arabidopsis ). It was also found that other MAE-type nonadapted  Colletotrichum  fungi with no penetration into the  pen2  mutant invaded  Arabidopsis  in the presence of additional mutations such as  edr1 ,  gsh1 ,  eds5 ,  cas , and  chup1  in the  pen2  background. Thus, many immune components contribute to the preinvasive nonhost resistance (NHR) of  Arabidopsis  against  Colletotrichum  MAE, and PEN2-related defense takes priority over other defense pathways. Here, I show that among the above nonadapted fungi,  Colletotrichum nymphaeae  PL1-1-b exhibited relatively lower incompatibility with the nonhost  Arabidopsis  with increased MAE in each single mutant of  edr1 ,  gsh1 ,  eds5 , and  cas , although other nonadapted fungi almost never invaded these single mutants. Based on the relationships between  Colletotrichum  MAE and the  Arabidopsis  immune-related components,  Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis  incompatibility and multilayered immunity in the preinvasive NHR of  Arabidopsis  are discussed in this study.

Preinvasive nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis against melanized appressorium-mediated entry of multiple nonadapted Colletotrichum fungi