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Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) is widely used in many aspects of human life. However, there are still inconsistent conclusions about the effects of nano-TiO 2  exposure on autophagy. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were used to reveal whether nano-TiO 2  induces dysregulation of autophagy. The results showed that LC3 II, Beclin-1 protein, and LC3 II/LC3 I protein ratio were significantly increased, but p62 protein was insignificantly changed. Subgroup analyses showed that p62 and Beclin-1 protein were increased significantly when the treatment time of nano-TiO 2  was &gt;24 h. Nano-TiO 2  can induce dysregulation of autophagy and cause stagnation of autophagy after prolonged exposure.

Nano-titanium dioxide exposure and autophagy: a systematic review and meta-analysis