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The lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils isolated from  Heracleum persicum ,  Mentha pulegium , and  Achillea millefolium  were studied on ladybird predator  Hippodamia variegata  feeding on wheat aphids.  M. pulegium  and  H. persicum  essential oils had, respectively, the most and the least lethal effects on the egg and first-instar larvae of the ladybird. The essential oil of  M. pulegium  had the most adverse effects on gross reproductive rate ( GRR ), net reproductive rate ( R 0), age-specific survival rate ( l x), and age-specific fecundity ( m x). Contrary, the most intrinsic rate of increase ( r m) and fecundity were recognized on ladybirds treated with  H. persicum  essential oil.

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‎‎Lethality and effects on biological and population growth parameters of ladybird predator  Hippodamia variegata  (Goeze) treated by some plant essential oils