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The saliva of the predatory stink bug  Podisus nigrispinus  contains  N,N -dimethylaniline (DMA) and  1,2,5 -trithiepane, which kill prey. The mode of action of these components remains unknown and they were evaluated in  Spodoptera frugiperda  caterpillars. All compounds are toxic and cause damages in the midgut cells resulting in apoptosis and necrosis. The main features of these cells are apical protrusions with nucleus released to the lumen, vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum, autolysosomes, and electron-dense lipid droplets. The tested biogenic compounds,  P. nigrispinus  saliva extract, DMA, and  1,2,5 -trithiepane are toxic and have negative effects to  S. frugiperda  caterpillars.

toxin reviews

Insecticide potential of two saliva components of the predatory bug  Podisus nigrispinus  (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) against  Spodoptera frugiperda  (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars