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Severe traffic congestion leads to toxic levels of air pollution. We attempt to explore how traffic congestion affects air pollution, especially PM 10  and PM 2.5 , by focusing on the city of Seoul, Korea, which is one of the largest cities in the world and is plagued by severe traffic congestion. We employ a fixed-effect panel model with various datasets, including air pollution, travel speed, and weather conditions. The findings show that traffic congestion adversely affects air quality by increasing the concentration of PM 10  and PM 2.5 . In particular, the impact of traffic congestion on PM 10  and PM 2.5  was 1.2 times and 1.7 times greater during the COVID-19 period than during the non-COVID-19 period, respectively. In addition, an increase in one unit of RCI is associated with 0.4 increase in PM 10  during the peak hours, but 6.7 increase in PM 10  during the non-peak hour because of the increased traffic of trucks and motorcycles induced by increased online shopping. To mitigate air pollution, it is suggested that not only reducing vehicle use, but also minimizing traffic congestion is important.

Traffic congestion and air pollution: Empirical evidence before/after COVID-19 in Seoul, Korea