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The ability to accurately estimate and identify the hotspots (top influencing factors) of freight embodied carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions is essential for introducing efficient control strategies. However, most existing studies ignore the life cycle and secondary activities of CO 2  emissions in freight transportation. This research gap hinders policy makers from having a more complete understanding of hotspots, which should be focused upon to efficiently reduce CO 2  emissions. Hence, a generalized framework for the complete estimation and hotspot identification of freight embodied CO 2  emissions is constructed. This framework is also applicable to different regions and countries. Then, the proposed framework is applied to the Yiwu-Ningbo case, and the results indicate that: (1) the studied road transportation chain generates 9.25% higher embodied CO 2  emissions than the studied rail transportation chain when transporting one container, indicating the small marginal influence of modal shift measures in terms of reducing embodied CO 2  emissions. (2) Supply-side hotspots, especially the direct CO 2  emissions of road transportation, should be focused upon, in order to effectively reduce embodied CO 2  emissions. (3) To effectively reduce the embodied CO 2  emissions of a freight corridor, the effectiveness and implementability of reduction measures should be considered in a balanced manner.

Uncovering freight corridors’ embodied CO 2 responsibilities: Evidence from the Yiwu-Ningbo corridor, China