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Hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in the global energy mix in the future and to achieve carbon-neutral targets by 2050. However, there is a lack of studies that investigate the economic feasibility of blue-hydrogen export from natural gas exporting countries, especially from the Middle East. Therefore, this study presents a techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production and transportation from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific and European countries. Two different pathways were assessed; liquefied hydrogen (LH 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) starting from hydrogen production (from natural gas with carbon capture) to the distribution stage. Additionally, the effectiveness of the proposed-optimistic improvements for LH 2 -pathway is presented. Results show that based on current hydrogen liquefaction/storage technologies, the overall levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) for LH 2 -pathway (5.17$/kg-H 2 ) is higher than NH 3 -pathway (4.76$/kg-H 2 ) by 8.61% at 600 tons/day and 14,000 km shipping distance. Furthermore, the LCOH of the improved LH 2  pathway (4.46$/kg-H 2 ) is still higher than of the improved NH 3  pathway (4.03$/kg-H 2 ) by 10.7%. This implies that the overseas transportation of hydrogen as ammonia is more economically feasible than of the LH 2  option.

Techno-economic assessment of low-carbon hydrogen exports from the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific, and Europe