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The shells of  Tamarindus indica  could serve as a primary source of energy generation from biomass. This paper deals with non-isothermal thermogravimetric experiments conducted at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min with temperatures ranging between 25°C and 700°C to evaluate the kinetic behavior and the thermodynamic properties of  Tamarindus indica  shell pyrolysis. Three iso-conversational models, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Starink, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), were used to identify the activation energy (E a ), Enthalpy ( ΔH ), Entropy ( ΔS ), and Gibbs free energy ( ΔG ) of the  Tamarindus indica  shell biomass. The average activation energy when estimated using KAS, Starink, and FWO models was found to be 209.1, 209.3, and 207.5 kJ/mol with R 2  values of 0.91, 0.91, and 0.92, respectively. The average  ΔH, ΔS , and  ΔG  values using the KAS method were found to be 204.4 kJ/mol, 82.2 J/mol K, and 155.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The values of kinetic and thermodynamic triplets indicate that the reaction is non-spontaneous. The findings of this present study reveal that there is an opportunity for  Tamarindus indica  shells to be used as an alternative biomass fuel due to their eco-friendly nature and ideal properties.

Insight into the thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of Tamarindus indica shell using thermogravimetric analysis