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A time-resolved particle image velocity (TR-PIV) system was used to test the wake flow of a small horizontal-axis wind turbine at tip speed ratios (TSRs) in the range of 4–6 under uniform inflow and turbulent inflow in order to study the impact of turbulence intensity on wind turbine wake characteristics. The impact of incoming turbulence on the wake structure of a wind turbine and its mechanism was examined by comparing and analyzing the turbulence properties of the wake flow, including velocity field, vortex structure, additional turbulence intensity, and energy distribution coefficient. It was found that tip vortex structure remained intact in the range of 9 R under uniform inflow, and the longitudinal distribution of turbulent intensity had double peaks, indicating that it was in the near wake zone. Under turbulent inflow, the three vortex systems could not be distinguished at the position of 5 R, and the longitudinal distribution of turbulent intensity did not have peaks, the wake vortex system was broken and the wake transitioned to the far wake zone. With the increase in the turbulence intensity and tip speed ratio, the contribution of the longitudinal component of turbulence intensity to the turbulent kinetic energy increases, which is also the reason for the rapid wake recovery. Additionally, the recovery of the wake velocity was sped up in the range of 3 R and gradually decreased after 3 R.

Experimental study of turbulence intensity on the wake characteristics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine