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Recently, we have examined the membrane anchoring and subsequent lipidation of six members of the LC3/GABARAP protein family, together with their ability to promote membrane tethering and fusion. GABARAP and GABARAPL1 showed the highest activities. Differences found within LC3/GABARAP proteins suggested the existence of a lipidation threshold as a requisite for tethering and inter-vesicular lipid mixing. The presence of ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 (E3 in short) increased and accelerated LC3/GABARAP lipidation and subsequent vesicle tethering. However, E3 hampered LC3/GABARAP capacity to induce inter-vesicular lipid mixing and/or fusion. Our results suggest a model in which, together with the recently described inter-membrane lipid transfer mechanism, LC3/GABARAP could help in the phagophore expansion process through their ability to tether and fuse vesicles. The growing regions would be areas where the LC3/GABARAP proteins could be lipidated in the absence of E3, or else an independent regulatory mechanism would allow lipid/vesicle incorporation and phagophore growth when E3 was present. Abbreviations:  Atg/ATG: autophagy-related protein (in yeast/human); E3: ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 complex; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor associated protein; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3.

Vesicle tethering and fusion promoted by LC3/GABARAP proteins is modulated by the ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 complex