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Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway in eukaryotes that is required for recycling unwanted intracellular components, maintaining homeostasis, and coping with biotic and abiotic stresses. Pathogens have evolved to subvert autophagic machinery by secreting host cell-entering effector proteins. Here, we provided evidence that an apple autophagy-related gene  MdATG8i , activated autophagy and contributed to resistance against  Valsa  canker caused by  Valsa Mali  ( Vm ) when being overexpressed in apple. MdATG8i interacted with a plastid elongation factor Tu (MdEF-Tu) which became insoluble and aggregated during  Vm  infection and was degraded through the autophagy pathway. Intriguingly, we identified a highly-induced effector secreted from  Vm , Vm1G-1794, which competitively interacted with MdATG8i, suppressed autophagy, and depleted MdEF-Tu out of MdATG8i complexes. The formation of stable MdEF-Tu aggregates caused by Vm1G-1794 promoted the susceptibility of apple to  Vm . Overall, our study demonstrated that MdATG8i contributed to  Vm  resistance by targeting and degrading MdEF-Tu, and Vm1G-1794 competed with MdEF-Tu to target MdATG8i and prevent MdEF-Tu degradation, thus favoring infection. Abbreviations :  35S : cauliflower mosaic virus  35S  promoter; AIM: ATG8-interacting motif; ATG8–PE: ATG8 conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine; BiFC: biomolecular fluorescence complementation; Con A: concanamycin A; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; DEPs: differentially expressed proteins; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpt: hours post-treatment; LCI: luciferase complementation imaging; MdATG8i: autophagy-related protein 8i in  Malus domestica ; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; MdEF-Tu: elongation factor Tu in  Malus domestica ; MdNBR1: neighbor of BRCA1 in  Malus domestica; N. benthamiana: Nicotiana benthamiana ; OE: overexpression; PAMP: pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PTI: pattern-triggered immunity; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription PCR; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Ub: ubiquitin;  V. Mali: Valsa Mali ; WT: wild-type plant; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein

The Valsa Mali effector Vm1G-1794 protects the aggregated MdEF-Tu from autophagic degradation to promote infection in apple