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The impact of water consumption bolus volume and frequency on hydration biomarkers during work in the heat is unknown. In a randomized, crossover fashion, eight males consumed either 500 mL of water every 40 min or 237 mL of water every 20 min during 2 hr of continuous walking at 6.4 kph, 1.0% grade in a 34 °C/30% relative humidity environment, followed by 2 hr of rest. Hydration biomarkers and variables were assessed pre-work, post-work, and after the 2 hr recovery. There were no differences in body mass between trials at any time point (all  p  &gt; 0.05). Percent change in plasma volume during work was not different when 237 mL of water was repeatedly consumed (−1.6 ± 8.2%) compared to 500 mL of water (−1.3 ± 3.0%,  p  = 0.92). Plasma osmolality was maintained over time ( p  = 0.55) with no difference between treatments ( p  = 0.21). When consuming 500 mL of water repeatedly, urine osmolality was lower at recovery (205 ± 108 mOsmo/L) compared to pre-work (589 ± 95 mOsmo/L,  p  &lt; 0.01), different from repeatedly consuming 237 mL of water which maintained urine osmolality from pre-work (548 ± 144 mOsmo/L) through recovery (364 ± 261 mOsmo/L,  p  = 0.14). Free water clearance at recovery was greater with repeated consumption of 500 mL of water (1.2 ± 1.0 mL/min) compared to 237 mL of water (0.4 ± 0.8 mL/min,  p  = 0.02). Urine volume was not different between treatments post-work ( p  = 0.62), but greater after 2 hr of recovery when repeatedly consuming 500 mL of water compared to 237 mL ( p  = 0.01), leading to greater hydration efficiency upon recovery with repeated consumption of 237 mL of water (68 ± 12%) compared to 500 mL (63 ± 14%,  p  = 0.01). Thirst and total gastrointestinal symptom scores were not different between treatments at any time point (all  p  &gt; 0.05). Body temperatures and heart rate were not different between treatments at any time point (all  p  &gt; 0.05). Drinking larger, less frequent water boluses or drinking smaller, more frequent water boluses are both reasonable strategies to promote adequate hydration and limit changes in body mass in males completing heavy-intensity work in the heat.

journal of occupational and environmental hygiene

Water consumption patterns impact hydration markers in males working in accordance with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommendations