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Water can be purified with a hydrophobic membrane in an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) configuration. The present study presents experimental data for such a system and comparison with model predictions from simulations in a Matlab environment. The importance of the respective roles of feed water temperature and flow rate, cold water temperature and flow rate, and the extent of air gap on water production rate is studied, both from experiments and simulations. The comparison is found to be quite good, thus validating the choice of the mathematical model. In addition, possible improvements in the device performance are examined by using a surface modification of the hydrophobic membrane. In this respect, a layer of lead from a pencil is coated over the membrane. Evaporation rates through the pencil-coated membrane were measured in a solar simulator with 1 sun, 2 sun, and 3 sun settings. A distinct improvement in the evaporation rate was obtained when a pencil coated membrane was used. Following this observation, an augmented two-sided AGMD system is proposed, which carries a coated membrane exposed to solar radiation on one side and an uncoated membrane on the other.

Performance of an air gap membrane distillation system and enhancement using a low-cost surface modification