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Propionic acid is a short-chain fatty acid that is the main fermentation product of the enteric microbiome. It is found naturally and added to foods as a preservative and evaluated by health authorities as safe for use in foods. However, propionic acid has been reported in the literature to be associated with both health and disease. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects  Drosophila melanogaster  by examining some of the effects of this compound on the  D. melanogaster  hemocytes.  D. melanogaster  was chosen as a suitable  in vivo  model to detect potential risks of propionic acid (at five concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM) used as a food preservative. Toxicity, cellular immune response, intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), gut damage, and DNA damage (via Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated. Significant genotoxic effects were detected in selected cell targets in a concentration dependent manner, especially at two highest concentrations (5 and 10 mM) of propionic acid. This study is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in the hemocytes of  Drosophila  larvae, emphasizing the importance of  D. melanogaster  as a model organism in investigating the different biological effects caused by the ingested food preservative product.

toxicology mechanisms and methods

Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the  in vivo Drosophila  model: gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage