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A multi-bolt spring–mass method considering assembly gap and shim was developed to predict the shear stiffness and bolt stiffness of the single-lap composite joints. Based on the premise that the highly stressed portions of adjacent holes have no overlap, multi-bolt joints can be converted into individual single-bolt joint with considering the conical and spherical stress envelope, gradual elimination of the bolt-hole clearances, and irregular assembly gap shape. The proposed method was validated by both experiment and finite element method for typical three-bolt composite joints with relative error of shear stiffness &lt;3%, and that of bolt stiffness &lt;20%.

Extended spring–mass method for joint stiffness prediction of single-lap multi-bolt composite joints considering assembly gap and gap shimming